The Jungle by Upton Sinclari Jr. - 585 Words

Upton Sinclair was a well-known novelist from California. He and two other journalists, Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens, were pioneers of a different kind of journalism known as â€Å"muckraking.† He was best-known for his novel, The Jungle, published in 1906. The novel uncovered the unfair and unsanitary conditions of the Chicago meat packing industry. In 1904, the editor of the socialist journal, Appeal to Reason, Fred Warren, gave Sinclair the permission to write a novel about immigrant workers in the Chicago meat packing houses. The owner of the journal, Julius Wayland, gave Sinclair a $500 advance to do research for The Jungle. The Jungle was a fictional booked about a young man named, Jurgis Rudkis, who got a job as a â€Å"gut shoveler† at Durham meat packing house, which was Armour in reality. In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair also spoke about the filthiness of the packing houses. Rotten meat was covered in chemicals to hide the smell; rats climbed all over the wa rehouse, and left over animal parts were packaged as head cheese, used for fertilizer and even used as soap. Jurgis worked with people who had skin diseases, people who were always losing fingers as a result of the assembly line moving so fast, and people who constantly coughed spreading their germs all over the meat. There were few toilets, and no soap nor clean water to wash their hands with. These working conditions were unacceptable. Armour, Swift, and Morris were the three companies that dominated the business

Climate Change Essay examples - 1883 Words

Climate Change Introduction What is the oceans role in climate? The oceans play a vital and pivotal role in the distribution of life sustaining water throughout our planet. 86% of the evaporation that occurs on earth is over the oceans. The oceans are the planets largest reservoir of water transferring huge amounts of water around the hydrological cycle. In fact the oceans â€Å"dominate the hydrological cycle, for they contain 97% of the global water inventory† . The hydrological cycle can be disrupted by changes in ocean circulation that play such an important role on evaporation and precipitation. When the ocean circulation system changes it can change how much heat and rainfall is distributed around the world. Changes on a global†¦show more content†¦Broecker’s image of the conveyor belt is somewhat simplified. The ocean conveyor is propelled by the sinking of cold, salty (and therefore denser) waters in the North Atlantic Ocean. This band of deep water flowing south down through the depths of the Atlantic spreads into the Indian and Pacific oceans where it wells to the surface and mixes with other warm tropical waters, it also helps to pull warm, salty Gulf stream waters northward. The warm waters return back to the North Atlantic where mixed with colder Greenland waters and driven by bitter winds it becomes gradually colder saltier once again sinking into the deep. In reality much of the water that sinks in the Atlantic never leaves and other eddies and gyres across the oceans mean that this really is a simplified image of the conveyor belt but essentially the basic idea is true. The conveyor â€Å"transports heat into the North Atlantic and salt out of it†. Past History The earth’s past is full of dramatic climate changes. Many glacial advances and retreats have occurred during the last billion years of Earth history. Large, important glaciations occurred during the late Proterozoic (between about800 and 600 million years ago), during the Pennsylvanian and Permian (between about 350Show MoreRelatedClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Climate is inherently variable. Climate changes from place to place and it varies with time. The world now faces one of the complex and important issue it has ever had to deal with: climate change. Climate change today is one of the biggest concerns of human beings on the planet and the effects of climate change are undeniable and it may cause environmental, social, and economic threats to the planet. We already know and easily can highlight several signs of climate change. They are: risingRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1016 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world† (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change is the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human activities that has been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the â€Å"average weather† (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth. There are varietyRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of climate change has been around for quite a while. The earliest mention of climate change dates back to the 19th century. Swedish scientist, Svante Archenius was the first scientist to study the effect of CO2 on climate. (Rodhe et al 1997) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as â€Å"A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g by using statistical tests) by changes in mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persistsRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change935 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is one of the most important challenges of humankind in this century. The ability to adapt, mitigate and reduce carbon emissions will be decisive to preserve the world for future generations. The last IPCC report has provided more evidence regarding the rise in temperature and sea level. Apparently, additional 2 °C above the pre-industrial average temperature levels is unavoidable, and it will continue at that level due the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere (Solomon 2009). ClimateRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1817 Words   |  8 Pageshear the words â€Å"climate change† what comes to mind? Probably weather and the change s. Many of us watch the news or use an app on our cellphones/electronic devices to keep an eye on the weather for the day, week, or even the month. But, there is actually a difference between weather and climate. Weather is actually â€Å"the changes we see and feel outside from day to day. It might rain one day and be sunny the next. Weather also changes from place to place† (Dunbar, 2014). Whereas â€Å"climate is the usual weatherRead MoreClimate Change Is The Change923 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is the change in earth’s climate like temperature and precipitation over a particular region. Climate change has shown its affect all across the globe and is leading to all undesirable loses. Some of the reasons of radical climate changes are: †¢ Irresponsible activities of humans like misuse of fossil fuels, polluting water bodies and use of non-renewable sources †¢ Burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil are rising the levels of carbon dioxide in the air. Climate change is not onlyRead MoreClimate Change Is A Change1482 Words   |  6 Pages Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns. Climate change is a topic that is brought up in many different genres of conversations. Whether it be brought up and discussed in politics, school, family, or friends, some people still limit using those words when in casual conversation. Some of those same people are the people who still deny that climate change is happening. Climate change affects every single one of us. It affects everyone who lives on this earth every day andRead MoreThe Change Of The Climate Change1184 Words   |  5 Pages The world continues to spin and spin, and we’ve always heard about the condition of the climate. We hear about the changing levels of CO2 in our atmosphere and the Earth’s population contribution to the rise of it. No one usually stops to think about how the food production systems for the food we eat is also a contributing factor to the rise of CO2. â€Å"I turn my life upside-down, start biking to work, plan t a big garden, turn down the thermostat so low I need the Jimmy Carter signature cardiganRead MoreClimate Change3273 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction Scientific evidence of the world’s changing climate is unequivocal. The expected impacts of the changing climate are likely to adversely affect the well being of all countries and particularly the poorest countries, some of which are in Africa. The changing climate has been manifested in the form of: increased severity and frequency of droughts; floods and storms; water stress, coastal erosion, and higher incidence of vector borne diseases among others. The resulting declines inRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages Climate change is defined by the Intergovernmental panel on climate change ( IPCC) as a variation in the mean state of climate persisting for an extended period of time typically decades or longer while the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) defines climate change as a change in the climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the composition of the global atmos phere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed

Upon Westminster Bridge and Kensington Market Free Essays

The Kashmir earthquake happened on Saturday October 5th 2005, at 8:50am local time which had a magnitude of 7. 6. 74,500+ were dead and 106,000+ were injured in the Kashmir region of Northern Pakistan which was the 14th deadliest earthquake of all time. We will write a custom essay sample on Upon Westminster Bridge and Kensington Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its focus was 26km down and the shaking lasted for 60 seconds (1 Minute). The most badly affected area was in the Epicentral area around Muzaffarabad which is the capital of the Pakistan administered region of Kashmir. It is 80km north-east of Islamabad. 20 aftershocks were followed after the earthquake. It is said to be the strongest earthquake to hit the region in a century. The primary effects of the Kashmir earthquake included: Several trains on minor lines were derailed, 3. 3 million homes were destroyed, 79,000 people were killed and 100,000 injured. Secondary effects included: Electricity, gas and water supplies were disrupted, an outbreak of diarrhea spread from contaminated water supplies, respiratory infections such as pneumonia and people died of cold and starvation during the harsh winter season especially homeless people. Longer term effects of the Kashmir Earthquake included: The overall cost of the damage was $1000,000, 3. 3 million people had to live in temporary accommodation until rebuilding could start and in rural areas the crops mostly survived and so did the animals living there. Short term responses were: Supplying food and water, rescuing trapped people, rescue and medical teams arriving from other countries, tents supplied. Medium Term responses are: Re-establishing water supplies, building temporary, prefabricated houses, providing money for temporary housing. Long term responses are: Preparing disaster plans and carrying out regular practices, training emergency services, setting up an efficient earthquake warnings and information system using the media There are many similarities and differences from the Kashmir earthquake compared to other earthquakes such as Kobe earthquake/Great Hanshin. The Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred on Tuesday, January 17, 1995, at 05:46 in Japan. The focus was about 19km below the sea whilst the Kashmir earthquake was 26km down. This will have an immense effect on the earthquake, Also, The epicentre was between Kobe and Awaji Island whilst Kashmir`s was around Muzaffarabad. For the Kobe earthquake nearly 200,000 buildings were destroyed whilst for Kashmir there were at least 1 in very 10 buildings were destroyed which will be higher than the buildings collapsed in Kobe earthquake. 5,500 people were killed and 40,000 were injured and an estimated 230,000 people were made homeless in the Kobe earthquake. In the Kashmir Earthquake, 74,500+ were killed and 106,000+ were injured which is more than double the people who were affected from the Kobe Earthquake. Other reasons for Kashmir Earthquake being more severe are: It is a mountainous area, it is in a collision zone. These stats tells us that The Kashmir earthquake was stronger and more severe and had a bigger impact to the society, economy and physical effects. Another difference is that the Kobe government made a slow response and lack of an emergency plan when the earthquake hit. In Kashmir earthquake, the government reacted instantly. Many good and bad things happened after the quake, 1 week after the quake: the death toll continued to rise, bulldozers began to clear streets and knock down unsafe buildings, some shops and schools reopened. After 2 weeks: Overcrowding in makeshift shelters became a health hazard, cold weather led to a flu epidemic, people needed help to cope with the stress and shock of the quake. How to cite Upon Westminster Bridge and Kensington Market, Papers

Operation Surgical Procedure Was Performed â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Operation Surgical Procedure Was Performed? Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the case study of the Mrs Nancy Andrews. She is 77-year-old female. The patient was initially admitted for the endovascular repair of a 6 cm infra renal abdominal aortic aneurysm. On the third day after operation, the patient had intense abdominal pain. On the fourth day post operation second surgical procedure was performed. After the surgical procedure the patient was diagnosed with Acute Kidney Injury or AKI. Currently, she is prescribed Continuous Veno-Venous Hemo Dialysis. In response to the case study, the paper discusses acute kidney injury and explains the criteria, in this patient that is suggestive of acute kidney injury. The choice of therapy prescribed for the patient is critically evaluated. Acute Kidney Injury Acute kidney injury can be defined as a decrease in the kidney function abruptly that results in the dysregulation of the extracellular volume and electrolytes, and the retention of nitrogenous waste products and the urea (Zuk and Bonventre 2016). Criteria in patient that is suggestive of AKI The criterion for the patient that is suggestive of AKI is the endovascular aneurysm repair or EVAR. Since acute kidney injury is characterised by the decrease in the glomerular filtration rate and increase in the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. The same was observed in the case of Mrs Andrews. Her creatinine was 310 instead of 50-100. Her urea concentration was 22 instead of 2.7 8. Decreased haemoglobin was indicative of increased fluid volume and acute kidney failure. Mrs Andrewss haemoglobin was 87 instead of 115-155. AKI could also occur due to increase in infection, which in case of Mrs Andrews is evident from WCC of 18.2 instead of 4-11. The cause of infection could be the Arterial and CVP line were inserted during the procedure in her (Saratzis et al. 2015). According to Bang et al. (2014), the patients who underwent the complex EVAR procedure are at risk of AKI. Further, the emergence of AKI after EVAR is documented in various studies. Age is the major risk factor for the AKI. For patients older than 70 years aneurysm and AKI are highly prominent (Saratzis et al. 2013). Mrs Andrews is 77 year old and was highly susceptible to the AKI after EVAR. Long time of operation is also found to increase the risk of AKI, in this case this may have also caused the AKI in the patient (Bang et al. 2014). According to Ronco et al. (2015), severe cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia and large abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter increases the surgical intervention and associated complications. Among the complication, the main one is the AKI. In this case study the patient has endovascular repair of a 6 cm infra renal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Further, the patient also has the history of the coronary artery disease, hyperlipidaemia which, is suggestive of AKI in this case. In addition, the angiography results showing the renal perfusion defects indicate the risk of AKI. However, in the case Mrs Andrews, the angiography at the completion of the procedure revealed no graft or endovascular leaks. The other physiological data suggests of AKI. Choice of therapy for this patient CVVHD is the appropriate treatment for the AKI. This process involves the use of a pump-driven venovenous circuit. This method works on the principle of both diffusion and ultra-filtration. In this technique a dialysate solution is run at a low rate counter-current t the flow of the blood. This technique maximises the diffusion based solution removal. It permits blood flows better than that provided by the arteriovenous circuit. The blood flow is more constant and higher. In addition, it eliminates the need of a large-bore arterial catheter. This eliminates the risks of arterial thrombosis and arterial bleeding associated with it. The benefits of the therapy include good clearance of small solutes urea, water, creatinine and electrolytes. Due to continuous haemodialysis, it is efficient in removing the low molecular weight solutes. It is thus used clinically for regulating the serum concentration of the small solutes (Symons 2017). It helps to maintain the stable hemodynamic status and the nutritional requirements of the patients. It is useful to eliminate the large amount of plasma ammonia (Pistolesi et al. 2016). Currently the status of the patient shows that the urine output is 0-2 mls per hour. Her renal ultrasound 1800 reveals adequate flow through renal arteries. The medical events of Mrs Andrews in ICU show that she has periods of hypotension. Using the therapy of CVVHD, the chance of hypotension can be removed as ultrafiltration can be done at slow rate. Even if the hypotensive episodes are brief, there is high probability that kidney may be further damaged. Recovery from AKI is slowed by multiple hypotensive episodes, in patients who are critically ill. Thus, this method is appropriate for Mrs Andrews considering her present condition. Mrs Andrews is meeting the criteria for the haemodialysis therapy. Fluid resuscitations are performed on her with infusions of crystalloid packed cells and colloids. Inf usions of Dobutamine and Noradrenaline are commenced. A pulmonary artery catheter is inserted at 0400 hours for hemodynamic monitoring. Her initial blood glucose level is 12.1 According to Kakajiwala et al. (2016), it is effective to prevent the kidney problems by providing the patient with lots of fluid and salts or bicarbonates. The alternative therapy could be the Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration(CVVH) is the short-term treatment for the patients in ICU. It is the therapy used when the patient is unable to tolerate the haemodialysis or is having the low blood pressure (Liu et al. 2016). McLaughlin et al. (2017) argued on the basis of the retrospective review that CVVH is not effective in reducing mortality or the length of stay in hospital when compared to the CVVHD. Evidences from other studies showed that when compared to CVVH, CVVHD is effective in terms of diffusion- based principle as it results in greater solute removal. According to Eyler et al. (2014) patients who have undergone the abdominal aortic aneurysm and have been diagnosed with the complication of AKI is also susceptible to the also susceptible to protein calorie malnutrition. In this patients, it is necessary to balance the protein levels by administering a lot of fluids and proteins. Unlike the intermittent haemodialysis, CVVHD addresses the need of the critically ill patients by helping with slow and continuous removal of the toxins and fluids. In the intermittent method the patients fluid and protein intake is limited between the treatments. This helps to prevent the toxic levels of nitrogen and fluid overload. By removing the fluids continuously, the advantage is that the therapy mimics the native kidney. Further, there is no build up of the protein and toxins the patients can receive as much of them to get the optimal nutrition. In the current condition, Mrs Andrews is a critically ill patient, she may not be able to tolerate the int ermittent dialysis. The same is evident from the prescription of fluid removal prescribed at at 100 mls/hr. It is commenced with 2 liter exchanges and a blood flow rate at 200 mls/hr. She require large amount of fluid for various reasons. If there is no hemodynamic compromise, the patient will not be able to tolerate the rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts (RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators 2009). Conclusion In conclusion, the assignment has comprehensively discussed the, criteria in-patient that is suggestive of AKI. The choice of therapy is critically analysed and is concluded that the CVVHD is the appropriate therapy for Mrs. Andrews. References Bang, J.Y., Lee, J.B., Yoon, Y., Seo, H.S., Song, J.G. and Hwang, G.S., 2014. Acute kidney injury after infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: a comparison of AKIN and RIFLE criteria for risk prediction.British journal of anaesthesia,113(6), pp.993-1000. Eyler, R.F., Vilay, A.M., Nader, A.M., Heung, M., Pleva, M., Sowinski, K.M., DePestel, D.D., Srgel, F., Kinzig, M. and Mueller, B.A., 2014. Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy,58(3), pp.1320-1326. Kakajiwala, A.K., Ferguson, M.A. and Fitzgerald, J.C., 2016. Acute Kidney Injury 11.Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery, p.75. Liu, D.L., Huang, L.F., Ma, W.L., Ding, Q., Han, Y., Zheng, Y. and Li, W.X., 2016. Determinants of Calcium Infusion Rate During Continuous Veno-venous Hemofiltration with Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.Chinese medical journal,129(14), p.1682. McLaughlin, M.M., Masic, I. and Gerzenshtein, L., 2017. Evaluation of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor dosing during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.International journal of clinical pharmacy,39(1), pp.37-40. Pistolesi, V., Di Napoli, A., Fiaccadori, E., Zeppilli, L., Polistena, F., Sacco, M.I., Regolisti, G., Tritapepe, L., Pierucci, A. and Morabito, S., 2016. Severe acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: short-term outcomes in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).Journal of nephrology,29(2), pp.229-239. RENAL Replacement Therapy Study Investigators, 2009. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients.N Engl j Med,2009(361), pp.1627-1638. Ronco, C., Ricci, Z., De Backer, D., Kellum, J.A., Taccone, F.S., Joannidis, M., Pickkers, P., Cantaluppi, V., Turani, F., Saudan, P. and Bellomo, R., 2015. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: controversy and consensus.Critical Care,19(1), p.146. Saratzis, A., Melas, N., Mahmood, A. and Sarafidis, P., 2015. Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) and impact on outcome.European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery,49(5), pp.534-540. Saratzis, A.N., Goodyear, S., Sur, H., Saedon, M., Imray, C. and Mahmood, A., 2013. Acute kidney injury after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.Journal of Endovascular Therapy,20(3), pp.315-330. Symons, J.M., 2017. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). InPediatric Dialysis Case Studies(pp. 271-278). Springer, Cham. Zuk, A. and Bonventre, J.V., 2016. Acute kidney injury.Annual review of medicine,67, pp.293-307.